London’s architecture is renowned for its diversity, from the elegance of Georgian townhouses to the soaring glass skyscrapers of the modern skyline. Amidst this variety lies a collection of striking Brutalist buildings that have sparked both admiration and controversy over the decades. Characterized by their rugged, raw concrete and monumental forms, these structures stand as bold testaments to the post-war architectural movement that shaped much of the city’s urban landscape. If you’re a fan of Brutalism, here are nine must-see buildings in London that exemplify the style’s unique aesthetic.
1. Barbican Estate
Perhaps the most iconic Brutalist complex in London, the Barbican Estate is a sprawling development of residential towers, apartments, and cultural spaces that emerged in the 1960s and ’70s. Designed by architects Chamberlin, Powell and Bon, it is one of the largest examples of the style in the world. The estate’s stark concrete structures, including the three residential towers that soar above the city, are complemented by raised walkways, water features, and a lushly planted landscape, creating a dynamic urban environment. The Barbican Centre, housed within the estate, also serves as a leading venue for theatre, music, and art exhibitions, making it a hub for culture as well as architecture.
2. Trellick Tower
Standing tall in North Kensington, the Trellick Tower is a striking Brutalist skyscraper designed by Ernő Goldfinger. Completed in 1972, this 31-story tower was originally conceived as social housing and has become an architectural icon over the years. Its bold vertical form, raw concrete exterior, and distinctive separate service tower make it one of London’s most recognizable examples of Brutalist design. Despite its controversial reputation when first built, Trellick Tower is now a Grade II-listed building and is highly sought after for its retro-modern appeal and panoramic city views.
3. National Theatre
Located on the South Bank of the River Thames, the National Theatre is a significant example of Brutalist architecture and a centerpiece of London’s cultural scene. Designed by architect Sir Denys Lasdun and completed in 1976, the building is characterized by its layered concrete terraces, which mimic a series of interconnected platforms. The theatre’s dramatic use of raw concrete creates a sense of weight and solidity, while the wide, open spaces invite exploration. The National Theatre has faced criticism for its stark appearance, but it remains an important piece of London’s architectural history, embodying the boldness and experimental spirit of Brutalism.
4. Alexandra Road Estate
Another impressive residential complex, the Alexandra Road Estate in Camden, was designed by architect Neave Brown in the late 1960s and completed in 1978. The estate features a series of stepped terraces arranged along a sweeping curve, with each apartment offering a private balcony or terrace. The zigzagging rows of concrete, combined with carefully integrated green spaces, create a striking visual effect and offer a sense of community for residents. The estate’s design prioritizes pedestrian pathways, with cars relegated to underground garages, and has been recognized as a Grade II-listed building, showcasing the enduring significance of Brutalist residential architecture.
5. Hayward Gallery
Part of the Southbank Centre, the Hayward Gallery is a prime example of Brutalist design, known for its angular shapes and exposed concrete surfaces. Opened in 1968, the gallery was designed by the GLC Architects Department under the direction of Norman Engleback, Ron Herron, and Warren Chalk. Its complex structure, featuring sharp corners, cantilevered platforms, and geometric rooflights, creates a dynamic visual experience both inside and out. As a leading venue for contemporary art exhibitions, the Hayward Gallery’s architecture plays a significant role in enhancing the artistic ambiance of the South Bank.
6. The Economist Plaza
Designed by Alison and Peter Smithson and completed in 1964, The Economist Plaza is a trio of Brutalist buildings located in St James’s, consisting of two office towers and a residential block surrounding a central courtyard. The use of rough-textured concrete and clean, angular lines epitomizes the Brutalist style while integrating elements of human scale and urban design. The complex is considered a pioneering example of Brutalist architecture in an urban context, influencing many subsequent city developments.
7. Balfron Tower
The Balfron Tower, located in Poplar, East London, was designed by Ernő Goldfinger—the same architect behind Trellick Tower. Completed in 1967, it served as an experimental design for social housing. Like its taller sibling, Balfron Tower features a separate service tower connected by walkways, giving it a unique silhouette against the skyline. Goldfinger himself lived in the tower for a short period to better understand the experiences of residents, leading to some design modifications that informed his later work on Trellick Tower. The rough concrete finish and monolithic appearance make Balfron a quintessential Brutalist landmark.
8. Robin Hood Gardens
Once a controversial figure in London’s Brutalist history, Robin Hood Gardens was a social housing estate designed by Alison and Peter Smithson in 1968. Known for its “streets in the sky” design concept, it sought to create a new kind of communal living space, with wide concrete walkways and elevated pedestrian routes. Although the estate faced issues related to maintenance and social neglect, its architectural significance was undeniable, sparking debates about preservation versus demolition. The building was eventually demolished in 2017, but sections of it have been preserved in the Victoria and Albert Museum, keeping its legacy alive.
9. Brunswick Centre
The Brunswick Centre in Bloomsbury offers a rare combination of residential, commercial, and leisure spaces within a Brutalist framework. Designed by Patrick Hodgkinson and completed in 1972, the building features a series of stepped terraces surrounding a central courtyard, with shops, restaurants, and even a cinema integrated into the structure. The design’s bold use of concrete and geometric shapes has been softened over the years with renovations, but it still maintains its distinctive Brutalist character. The Brunswick Centre has been a Grade II-listed building since 2000, recognized for its unique contribution to London’s architectural landscape.
Conclusion
Brutalism may not be everyone’s cup of tea, but its influence on London’s architectural heritage is undeniable. These nine buildings represent some of the most notable and striking examples of Brutalist design, showcasing a style that emerged out of a desire to rebuild and reimagine after the war. Whether you’re a seasoned admirer or just curious about what Brutalism has to offer, exploring these structures provides an opportunity to appreciate the boldness, ambition, and social ideals that defined the movement. From the iconic Barbican Estate to the elevated walkways of Alexandra Road, London’s Brutalist buildings invite us to see the city from a different perspective—one that celebrates raw beauty and architectural honesty.
